This paper investigates the role of aid in mitigating the adverse effects of commodity export price shocks on growth in commodity-dependent countries. Using a large crosscountry dataset, we find that negative shocks matter for short-term growth, while the ex ante risk of shocks does not seem to matter. We also find that both the level of aid and the flexibility of the exchange rate substantiall...

We study here numerically the behavior of an ideal gas like model of markets having only one non-consumable commodity. We investigate the behavior of the steady-state distributions of money, commodity and total wealth, as the dynamics of trading or exchange of money and commodity proceeds, with local (in time) fluctuations in the price of the commodity. These distributions are studied in market...

This paper examines the endogenous emergence of a commodity money in a trading post economy. The commodity money is defined as the common medium of exchange and is determined by the equilibrium pattern of exchange. The long run equilibria are analyzed using an evolutionary style model. Agents follow a simple adaptive process, generating dynamics that are reduced to a Markov process. Examples ar...

“In primitive traffic the economic man is awaking but very gradually to an understanding of the economic advantages to be gained by exploitation of existing opportunities of exchange...Consider how seldom it is the case, that a commodity owned by somebody is of less value in use than another commodity owned by someone else! And for the latter just the opposite relation is the case. But how much...

In this paper, we describe and compare two approaches to analyzing transactions costs in a general equilibrium setting. In the first approach, which we label the transactions costs approach, the commodity space is the same as that used in models without transactions costs. In the second approach, which we label the valuation equilibrium approach, the commodity space is chosen so that the exchan...

This paper investigates the role of aid in mitigating the adverse effects of commodity export price shocks on growth in commodity-dependent countries. Using a large crosscountry dataset, we find that negative shocks matter for short-term growth, while the ex ante risk of shocks does not seem to matter. We also find that both the level of aid and the flexibility of the exchange rate substantiall...

Current digital currency schemes provide instantaneous exchange on precise commodity, in which ”precise” means a buyer can possibly verify the function of the commodity without error. However, imprecise commodities, e.g. statistical data, with error existing are abundant in digital world. Existing digital currency schemes do not offer a mechanism to help the buyer for payment decision on precis...

In this paper, we seek to produce forecasts of commodity price movements that can systematically improve on naïve statistical benchmarks. We revisit how well changes in commodity currencies perform as potential efficient predictors of commodity prices, a view emphasized in the recent literature. In addition, we consider different types of factor-augmented models that use information from a larg...