An artificial burrow was developed which fits into standard laboratory cages and significantly reduces stereotypic digging in gerbils. Also, the causes of bar-chewing were assessed experimentally. Neither the lack of gnawing material, nor the spatial proximity of cage-lid bars and food in the hopper nor the routine husbandry procedure of transferring juvenile gerbils to a fresh cage, but premat...

283 Address correspondence to Petr Janata, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 6207 Moore Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755. (e-mail: [email protected]) ISSN: 0730-7829. Send requests for permission to reprint to Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223. Online Detection of Tonal Pop-Out in Modulating Cont...

The optimal track allocation problem (OPTRA), also known as the train routing problem or the train timetabling problem, is to find, in a given railway network, a conflict-free set of train routes of maximum value. We propose a novel integer programming formulation for this problem that is based on additional ‘configuration’ variables. Its LP-relaxation can be solved in polynomial time. These re...

Obesity is a condition where there excessive accumulation of fat in the body. As result, weight far above standard and can endanger health. People with obesity have higher risk developing disease than people normal nutritional status. An alternative overcoming this intake foods that low GI. It necessary to develop GI food types as an or snacks glycemic index value, such banana bars. The purpose...

291 Everywhere I read that obesity is a medical problem. It is not. Not unless motoring is also a medical problem. Both obesity and driving have bad health, hence medical, consequences, but they are lifestyle choices. Of all the philosophical and religious constructs invented by human beings, for me, the only sensible and intelligent place in the forest to sit is in the chair marked existential...

BACKGROUND Rice can be a major source of inorganic arsenic (Asi) for many sub-populations. Rice products are also used as ingredients in prepared foods, some of which may not be obviously rice based. Organic brown rice syrup (OBRS) is used as a sweetener in organic food products as an alternative to high-fructose corn syrup. We hypothesized that OBRS introduces As into these products. OBJECTI...

BACKGROUND An increase in gastrointestinal viscosity or colonic fermentation is suggested to improve appetite control and reduce food intake. It has been proposed that beta-glucan and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) are food ingredients that increase gastrointestinal viscosity and colonic fermentation, but the results are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the effect of FOS, beta-g...

Abstract While bars are common in disk galaxies, their formation conditions not well understood. We use N -body simulations to study the and evolution of a bar isolated galaxies consisting stellar disk, classical bulge, dark halo. consider 24 galaxy models that similar Milky Way but differ mass compactness bulge halo concentration. find requires <?CDATA ${({Q}_{T,\min }/1.2)}^{2}+{(\mathrm{CMC}...