Conjunctive query (CQ) answering is an important reasoning task in description logics (DLs). Its goal is to retrieve the tuples of individuals that satisfy a conjunctive query; i.e., a finite set of atomic queries. These tuples are called answers. Clearly, a given CQ may have a considerable number of answers, specially if the set of individual names appearing in the ABox is large, as is the cas...

This paper proposes a formulation of the basic ideas of dynamic semantics in terms of the state monad. Such a monadic treatment allows to specify meanings as computations that clearly separate context updating and context accessing operations from purely truth conditional meaning composition. Different behavior regarding the availability of referents throughout a discourse is modelled by adding...

researchers of language teaching believe that teaching method has a lot of impact on the speed and depth of learning. the importance of this is so obvious on teaching some persian language structures which are syntactically and semantically complicated. one of these structures is conditional sentences which has been considered in this study. here we tried to teach conditional sentences via both...

Recently a model for supervised learning of probabilistic transduc ers represented by su x trees was introduced However this algo rithm tends to build very large trees requiring very large amounts of computer memory In this paper we propose a new more com pact transducer model in which one shares the parameters of distri butions associated to contexts yielding similar conditional output distrib...

The McGurk effect demonstrates the existence of a fusion process in audiovisual speech perception. We consider here the assumption that fusion is controlled by an upstream conditional binding process, which can block fusion in the case of strong audiovisual inconsistencies, as in the case of a dubbed film. To test this hypothesis, we designed two experiments in which a consistent or inconsisten...

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Robust category-level object recognition is currently a major goal for the computer vision community. Intra-class and pose variations, as well as, background clutter and partial occlusions are some of the main difficulties to achieve this goal. Contextual information, in the form of object co-occurrences and spatial constraints, has been successfully applied to improve object recognition perfor...

deviding both the subjects and the predicates of the categorical propositions into actuality and verity, afzal al-din khunaji states the actuality-parts as adjectives, but verity-parts in three forms: as simple, as relational and as conditional. since the adjectives are formulated in modern logic by conjunction, we can formulate actuality-parts as conjunctions. verity-parts can be formulated at...

A considerable amount of studies have been established on conditional reasoning supporting mental model theory of propositional reasoning. Mental model theory proposed by Johnson- larid and Byrne is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something occurs in the real world. Conditional reasoning as a kind of reasoning is the way to speak about possibilities or probabilities. The a...