Reape (1991) notes that it is possible to develop grammars based on the concept of discontinuous constituents which span every subset of an input string. The complexity of the paring problem for such grammars is at least exponential in both time and space. As Reape (1991, p. 62) has argued for the processing of grammars with discontinuous constituents and as Carroll (1994) has demonstrated for ...

During the last years, several grammarians have argued for linguistic descriptions of language that use the con-has shown that in the worst case 2 n constituents can be built for an input string of length n if discontinuous constituents are allowed. As Carroll (1994) has demonstrated, such theoretical values are not of much help when it comes to practical systems. In the following I will compar...

By generalizing the notion of location of a constituent to allow discontinuous Ioctaions, one can describe the discontinuous constituents of non-configurational languages. These discontinuous constituents can be described by a variant of definite clause grammars, and these grammars can be used in conjunction with a proof procedure to create a parser for non-configurational languages.

Universe evolution, as described by Friedmann’s equations, is determined by source terms fixed by the choice of pressure × energy-density equations of state p (ρ). The usual approach in Cosmology considers equations of state accounting only for kinematic terms, ignoring the contribution from the interactions between the particles constituting the source fluid. In this work the importance of the...

Volatile components of three parts of Pimpinella tragium Vill. (Umbelliferae family) from Iran were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time. Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation from stems plus leaves, inflorescence and seeds of P. tragium individually. The plant materials were collected from Polour (Northeast of Tehran Province). The yields of the ...

As cosmology has entered a phase of precision experiments, the content of the universe has been established to contain interesting and not yet fully understood components, namely dark energy and dark matter. While the cause and exact nature of the dark energy remains mysterious, there is greater hope to connect the dark matter to current models of particle physics. Supersymmetric models provide...

the volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of matricaria chamomilla l. (asteraceae) growing in botanical garden, isfahan university of medical sciences, iran, was investigated by gas chromatography (gc) and gc/ mass spectrometery (ms). sixty-three components were characterized, representing 86.21% of the total oil components detected. α-bisabolol oxide a (25.01%) and a-b...