this paper investigates asymmetric behaviors of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequalities, the relationships between them and sketches their trends in the iranian households’ survey for the period of 1979 to 2006. for this purpose, and to analyze the relationships between variables panel data methodology was employed. results indicate that all the fluctuations of income inequa...

A significant fraction of GDP is generated by implicit expenditures on spatially varying nonmarket amenities such as climate, public goods, urban infrastructure, and pollution. People pay for these amenities indirectly, through spatial variation in housing prices, wages and property taxes. In this paper we construct a new database of 75 amenities, match it to location choices made by 5 million ...

BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that tobacco control funding in California has reduced per capita cigarette consumption and per capita healthcare expenditures. This paper refines our earlier model by estimating the effect of California tobacco control funding on current smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption per smoker and the effect of prevalence and consumption on per capita heal...

BACKGROUND Large state tobacco control programs have been shown to reduce smoking and would be expected to affect health care costs. We investigate the effect of California's large-scale tobacco control program on aggregate personal health care expenditures in the state. METHODS AND FINDINGS Cointegrating regressions were used to predict (1) the difference in per capita cigarette consumption ...

OBJECTIVE To identify food consumption patterns in the city of S. Paulo, from 1990 to 1996, and compare these patterns with those derived from nutritionally balanced food baskets (FB). METHODS Household budget surveys were verified and the percentage of food expenditures was assessed according to three food groups: semi-elaborated, industrialized and non-processed food (an emphasis was given ...

The purpose of this research is to study empirically the dynamics of obesity in Finland and provide empirical evidence of temporal causality between obesity, health expenditure, unemployment, urbanization, alcohol consumption and calorie intake. The paper employs bounds testing cointegration procedure and augmented causality tests. The empirical results suggest the existence of cointegration am...

We develop a simple Keynesian type business cycle model in which heterogeneous agents are either optimistic or pessimistic. If the majority of the agents are optimistic, then consumption expenditures are high and the economy booms, otherwise consumption expenditures are low and the economy is in a recession. Within our model, the sentiment of the agents is affected by their social interactions....