EM: erythema multiforme INTRODUCTION Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious pustular dermatosis, ovine pustular dermatitis, and sore mouth, is a viral zoonotic disease resulting from the direct or indirect contact of damaged skin with infected animals. The virus is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide and manifests as an acute contagious skin conditio...

Background: Contagious ecthyma or orf is a poxviral disease of goat and sheep, with incidental infection appearing in humans, cows, camels, and many wild ruminants, and very rarely in dogs. Case description: In the present paper was described gross morphology and histopathology of contagious ecthyma in a dog with a large ulcerated cutaneous mass in the neck (under the collar) which was ma...

This paper studies a dynamic network economy where risk averse traders trade multi-laterally over the counter but cannot commit to fulfill their short positions. We show that, although the level of trade is below the first-best, bilateral clearing with collateral can provide an allocation superior to those without collateral. However, with use of collateral, the optimal bilateral clearing contr...

This paper proposes a test for the existence and degree of contagious presenteeism and negative externalities in sickness insurance schemes. First, we theoretically decompose moral hazard into shirking and contagious presenteeism behavior and derive testable conditions. Then, we implement the test exploiting German sick pay reforms and administrative industry-level data on certified sick leave ...

The first severe case of caprine contagious ecthyma (parapox) in Tswana goats is described from Botswana. Affected animals were indigenous adult Tswana goats. The case involved a flock of 12 goats of which 4 (33.3%) were very severely affected but none died. The lesions were confined to the head and included swollen lips, swollen submandibular lymph nodes, gingivitis, glossitis, ulceration on l...