The aim of the present study was to investigate the speech preparation processes of adults who stutter (AWS). Fifteen AWS and fifteen adults with fluent speech (AFS) participated in the experiment. The event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a foreperiod paradigm. The warning signal (S1) was a color square, and the following imperative stimulus (S2) was either a white square (the Go si...

The present study investigated the predictions of two prominent models (Klapp, 1995, 2003; Rosenbaum, Inhoff, & Gordon, 1984) of programming of response sequences with the help of behavioral data, the foreperiod Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and the Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP). Participants performed one-key and three-key responses with their left or right hand in a precuing tas...

One of the most widely appreciated problems of contingent valuation is the potential manipulability of the method, thus subjecting it to possible strategic bias. This paper shows that under usual conditions this problem also holds for market-based methods, such as travel cost and hedonic pricing. However, not all formats of these valuation methods are manipulable. This paper finds positive resu...

hara biosphere reserve in southern hormozgan province with 85686 hectares areas is located between bandar khamir and queshm island. this area can be considered as the most spectacular regions of iran for a unique coastal seascape. mangrove forests and amazing biodiversity make this region as the most significant ecotourism areas throughout the country. this research attempts to determine recrea...

this study determines the consumers’ willingness to pay for organic milk in tehran by using contingent valuation method and single bounded dichotomous choice questionnaire. logit regression model was used to evaluate the effect of explanatory variables on willingness to pay and the model parameters were estimated by using maximum likelihood approach. for this purpose, 450 questionnaires were co...

background: air pollution in tehran, capital of iran is responsible for several diverse negative effects. it has been estab­lished that air pollution can affect human health. these health effects include increased hospital admissions due to the ex­acerba­tion of cardiac and respiratory diseases, as well as symptoms such as headache, cough, eye irritation, nausea, sputum and even death in the mo...