Whenever possible it is suggested that a native arteriovenous fistula is created and used for haemodialysis, as it is superior to an arteriovenous graft and to a central venous catheter. (Level III evidence) When a native arteriovenous fistula is not possible, an artificial arteriovenous graft should be used in preference to a central venous catheter. Arteriovenous grafts have similar patency t...

A 55-year-old man presented with dyspnea on effort and atypical chest pain. Physical examination revealed a loud, continuous cardiac murmur over the left parasternal area. A coronary arteriovenous fistula draining into the right atrium was suspected at transthoracic echocardiography (Figures 1 and 2) and clearly documented by transesophageal echocardiography (Figure 3) and coronary arteriograph...

Introduction The finding of a congenital right coronary–to–vena cava superior (RCVCS) fistula is extremely rare. The overall prevalence of coronary artery fistulae is 0.02%–0.9%, of which the coronary-to–pulmonary artery fistula is the most common type (78%) and the coronary-to–vena cava superior fistula the least common (1.8%). Symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, angina, reduced exercise...

Chest trauma can lead to various cardiac complications ranging from simple arrhythmias to myocardial rupture. A variety of injuries to the coronary arteries, including laceration, thrombosis, intimal dissection, arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm formation following blunt trauma have been rarely reported. We report a very unusual case of distal embolization of left ventricular thrombus du...