9 http://ammtiac.alionscience.com http://wstiac.alionscience.com BACKGROUND Modern US Navy ships use considerable quantities of piping to carry fresh water, ballast water, chilled water, wastewater and fuels throughout the ship. Traditionally, copper-nickel (90Cu-10Ni) alloy pipes have been used, but they are heavy, subject to both corrosion and moderate bio-fouling, and are expensive to procur...