Although many theories of causal cognition are based on causal graphical models, a key property of such models-the independence relations stipulated by the Markov condition-is routinely violated by human reasoners. This article presents three new accounts of those independence violations, accounts that share the assumption that people's understanding of the correlational structure of data gener...

This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behaviour, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behaviour. Experimental studies reveal this linkage to be...

Temperature has a strong effect on the seasonal timing of life-history stages in both mammals and birds, even though these species can regulate their body temperature under a wide range of ambient temperatures. Correlational studies showing this effect have recently been supported by experiments demonstrating a direct, causal relationship between ambient temperature and seasonal timing. Predict...

Australia has one of the highest levels of food advertising on television in the developed world, with most advertisements being for foods that are high in fat, sugar, and/or salt. Evidence from international reviews suggests that television food advertising has an independent effect on children's food preferences and purchasing requests. While the size of this effect is indeterminate, and the ...

The objective of this study was to test a causal model of work wellness for engineers, technicians and electricians in an electricity supply organisation. An ex post facto correlational design was used. The participants included 38 engineers, 86 technicians and 91 electricians in an electricity supply organisation. The Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scal...

This study identifies the practical and philosophical difficulties associated with testing strategic management and organization theories. Working from a critical realist perspective, we affirm the importance of falsification and verification efforts for progress in theory development. We advocate a four-step approach for advancing theory testing that prioritizes identifying and testing for the...

Once on the periphery of international debate, today small islands are seen by many as key to unlocking new ways thinking about climate change and developing practices adaptation in epoch Anthropocene. These approaches differ starkly from modernist, linear, causal frameworks that construct vulnerable objects require ‘saving’ or ‘protecting’. Instead, become instruments productive knowledge, lab...

The aim was to identify the means of correction and prevention burnout syndrome in college teachers who switched online teaching during period quarantine caused by COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive experimental research designs were used achieve aim. Causal relationships defined using one-way analysis variance (ANOVA) correlational analysis. Fisher’s angular transform criterion Mann–Whitney U test...

This study aims to find the effect of product innovation and service quality on purchasing decisions Batik Zhorif in DanauTeluk Jambi District, Seberang City. research is a descriptive analytical examine causal or correlational phenomena, with population 125 consumers 67 samples. The results analysis show that there an 0.628 0.647. And joint simultaneous influence between 0.693. As for two vari...