background road traffic injuries (rtis) impose a significant social and economic burden. objectives the objective of this study was to estimate the medical costs and economic burden caused by rti in iran methods the major components included in this study were medical costs, lost output, and indirect costs. cost components and their values in 2011 were obtained using previous data collected dur...

this paper studies a maintenance policy for a system composed of two components, which are subject to continuous deterioration and consequently stochastic failure. the failure of each component results in the failure of the system. the components are inspected periodically and their deterioration degrees are monitored. the components can be maintained using different maintenance actions (repair...

Natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. The Heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. Therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. Virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...

The main goal of this thesis is to document the design and testing of various components for use in a low cost laser cutting mechanism for hobbyists and recreational designers. Different electronics were used to assess the cutting potential of a laser diode, a small silicon chip based laser light producing unit. A test rig was constructed to evaluate the cutting potential of the laser diode, an...

Internet electronic commerce is claimed to have a significant effect in reducing the cost of doing business, yet the uptake of this medium for government service delivery in Australia has been relatively slow. This paper proposes a new business model for government revenue collection called "ecollect" and identifies the cost components within the context of transaction cost economics. A pilot s...

This paper addresses the optimal allocation of reliability among components that are to be assembled into a system. While it is a generally accepted notion that a component's cost is an increasing function of its reliability, most research to date adopts exponentially increasing, closed-form functions to relate cost and reliability. However, in practice such functions are often unknown or diffi...

Package-oriented programming (POP) is a promising approach to component-based software design. POP treats suites of massmarket application packages as component libraries. Their standardized architectures, programmability, interoperability, rich orthogonal functions, and low cost make them attractive candidates as components. However, they also have characteristics that make it hard and risky t...

Several ways to estimate the position of a WirelessSensor-Network (WSN) node have been discussed in the past years. Unlike in outdoor solutions where the Global Positioning System (GPS) could be used in most applications, a general solution for indoor usage has not been found. The few existing indoor solutions on the market are highly specialized and rely on infrastructure or on very expensive ...

Functional criteria often drive the component selection in the assembly of a software system. Minimal distance strategies are frequently adopted to select the components that require minimal adaptation effort. This type of approach hides to developers the non-functional characteristics of components, although they may play a crucial role to meet the system specifications. In this paper we intro...