INTRODUCTION Oral antidiabetes medications, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) saxagliptin and sitagliptin, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study objective was to compare all-cause and diabetes-related costs following initiation of saxagliptin or sitagliptin. METHODS Patients aged ≥ 18 years initiating saxagliptin or sitagliptin between January 1, 2...

In many real-life decision making situations the default assumption of equal (mis-)classification costs underlying pattern recognition techniques is most likely violated. Consider the case of insurance claim fraud detection for which an early claim screening facility is to be built to decide upon the nature of an incoming claim as either suspicious or not. This decision typically forms the basi...

Some property and casualty insurers use automated detection systems to help to decide whether or not to investigate claims suspected of fraud. Claim screening systems benefit from the coded experience of previously investigated claims. The embedded detection models typically consist of scoring devices relating fraud indicators to some measure of suspicion of fraud. In practice these scoring mod...

Abstract In this paper, we establish some stochastic comparison results for largest claim amounts of two sets independent and also interdependent portfolios under the setup proportional odds model. We aggregate portfolios. Further, comparisons from multiple-outlier claims have been studied. The obtained apply to whole family extended distributions, known as Marshall–Olkin distributions. given m...

Abstract A quick decision on implementation of countermeasures for quality problems is important for reducing the quality cost of electronic products. At the beginning of the production period, the claim rate is uncertain owing to the lack of sufficient field claim data. Therefore, a quick decision on implementation of countermeasures may lead to misjudgment. On the other hand, until the end of...

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic condition with substantial morbidity that can now be treated with disease-modifying biologic agents that target tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or related mechanisms. The anti-TNF biologic agents are available in either intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous dose forms. The biologic agents with an indication for rheumatoid arthritis and administere...