The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Advocacy, the United States Small Business Administration, or the United States Government. Executive Summa ry This research examines the implications to the amount of credit available to small businesses from the rapid and pervasive c...

Financial liberalization policies have significantly altered the structure of rural credit markets and the terms of household access to them throughout Latin America. This paper has two main objectives. First, it uses household survey data from northern Peru to fill an empirical void by presenting a detailed description of the terms of formal and informal credit contracts and the frequency of n...

this paper proposes a HMM (Hidden Markov Model) based fraud detection system for credit card fraud detection. The method works on the statistical behavior of user’s transactions. Since the original transactions are not available due to privacy policies of bank we used here synthetically generated data for a credit card user, and then HMM model is trained using different size of sample of genera...

This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of microfinance on agricultural productivity by smallholder farmers in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Data were randomly collected from 120 farmers consisting of 60 credit beneficiaries (CB) and 60 non-credit beneficiaries (NCB) by which were analyzed through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results of ...

Micro financing is providing financial services and resources for low-income people to improve their financial situation. In many less developed countries, providing these services for low-income classes was next to impossible due to high interest rates and heavy collaterals and guarantees that banks and other credit institutions demand. Micro financing was used since 1960s as a fundamenta...

We ask two questions related to how access to credit affects the nature of business cycles. First, does the standard theory of unsecured credit account for the high volatility and procyclicality of credit and the high volatility and countercyclicality of bankruptcy filings found in U.S. data? Yes, it does, but only if we explicitly model recessions as displaying countercyclical earnings risk (i...

We ask two questions related to how access to credit affects the nature of business cycles. First, does the standard theory of unsecured credit account for the high volatility and procyclicality of credit and the high volatility and countercyclicality of bankruptcy filings found in U.S. data? Yes, it does, but only if we explicitly model recessions as displaying countercyclical earnings risk (i...

This paper examines the link between access to credit and child labor at a cross-country level. Even though access to credit is central to child labor theoretically, there has been little work done to assess its importance empirically. We measure child labor as a country aggregate, and credit constraints are proxied by the level of financial development. These two variables display a strong neg...

The Russian establishment—politicians, agricultural officials, corporate farm managers, the media — firmly believe that inadequate access to credit is one of the major factors constraining the growth of the agricultural sector. In technical terms, they in effect claim that Russian agriculture faces credit rationing. In this article, we apply discrete regression analysis to study the determinant...

microfinance, banking to the poor, is a recent global phenomenon introduced as a way for combating the poverty in the 1970’s. before that the poor were not allowed access to credit and loans due to the widespread belief that the poor could not repay loans. but microfinance movement with financial innovations reduced the costs and risks of lending to poor households, and presented as tool for re...