the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

We study the impact of bank credit supply on the output and productivity of borrower firms. Exploiting a matched firm-bank database covering all credit relationships of Italian corporations over more than a decade, we measure idiosyncratic supply-side shocks to firm credit availability. Then, we estimate a production model augmented with heterogeneous financial frictions, to show that an expans...

A standard assumption of structural models of default is that firms assets evolve exogenously. In this paper, we document the importance of accounting for investment options in models of credit risk. In the presence of financing and investment frictions, firm-level variables which proxy for asset composition carry explanatory power for credit spreads beyond leverage. As a result, cross-sectiona...

It is very important for bank to control the credit risk of guarantee loan or combinational loan by evaluating the joint default risk of different enterprises. Firstly we apply a combinational copula function to measure the joint default risk of two enterprises with credit rating information; secondly the default intensity model is intended to analyze the default time distribution; thirdly we u...

1 Background Credit cards have been widely used in the USA. The industry has matured so much that most households hold many credit cards and most consumers use credit cards as means of payment. They usually maintain their records on credit cards. In the USA, a total amount of credit card balances is about $700 billion. Because of the wide usage of credit cards, the term of cards is becoming a m...

The research background is risk of the loan credit which one problem inseperable from operations system in service unions district Oebobo Kupang City. In observation default, efforts tackling was involved two important factors were evaluation and control credit. This conducted 15 units that selected based on criteria previously sample 30 persons management supervisory elements. Technique collec...

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impacts of corporate governance on credit risk in the Iranian banking industry. The sample consists of 20 banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2016 and the statistical method is panel data. In this research, credit risk and corporate governance are the dependent and independent variables, respectively. The meta-synthesis m...

Shadow banking in China is mainly conducted by banks to evade the excessive credit control, which constitutes a dual-track approach to liberalize the country’s rigid interest rate policy. The market track of shadow banking can lead to efficiency gain by allowing credit resale to fund the more productive yet credit-deprived private enterprises (PEs). Pareto improvement can be achieved as the ban...

Due to the rapid advancement of electronic commerce technology, there is a great and dramatic increase in credit card transactions. As credit card becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as regular purchase, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising; to detect credit card frauds in electronic transactions becomes the focus of risk of control of banks. The propos...