Emergency departments (EDs) are an important diagnostic site for outpatients with potentially serious infections. EDs frequently experience high patient volumes, and crowding has been shown to negatively impact the delivery of early care for serious infections, such as pneumonia. Here, we hypothesized that other important factors in the early care of infectious diseases, the rate of blood cultu...

this paper develops an analysis of budget deficit financing in termsof a crowding out or crowding in effect on the activity of the privatesector for the economies of iran and algeria as two mena countries,(because of its economic structures (dependence on oil revenue)) duringthe period 1970-2012 by using cointegration and vector errorcorrection approaches. the analysis confirms the existence of...

We examined the relationship between plasma cortisol levels, hepatic glutamine synthetase (GNS) activity and the form of nitrogen excreted (e.g. urea, ammonia) in undisturbed versus confined/crowded (acutely stressed) gulf toadfish. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that acute increases in plasma cortisol levels are required to trigger the increase in GNS activity induced by the confinemen...

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of social crowding stress and significance of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PG) generated by constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in the stimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol. Inhibitors of neuronal NOS (nNOS) L-NNA, ...

The effects of four different levels of wood betony (WB) (Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl) extract (0, 2, 4 and 8% W/W in the diet) were investigated on some serum enzymatic activities and acute stress response of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). After 10 weeks post feeding, two groups of fish (0 and 8% WB) were subjected to handling and crowding stress and the stress responses including ser...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic crowding stress in condition of disturbed nitric oxide (NO) production by a low dose of NO synthase inhibitor NGNitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Male, 12 weeks old, Wistar rats were exposed to crowding stress (200 cm2 per rat, 5 rats per cage), L-NAME treatment (1.5 mg/kg/day in drinking water) or their combination for 8 week...

To provide practical feeding management guidelines preceding a stressful episode during farming practices, European sea bass juveniles (initial weight: 72.3 g) were fed for 60-days different fish meal (FM) and oil (FO) dietary levels [high (30% FM, 15% FO, FM30/FO15), intermediate (20% 7% FM20/FO7), low (10% 3% FM10/FO3)] in triplicate conditions. Fish then fasted 36 h exposed to 2-h acute crow...

We evaluated usability of a previously developed genetically encoded molecular crowding sensor in various biological phenomena. Molecular crowding refers to intracellular regions that are occupied more by proteins and nucleotides than by water molecules and is thought to have a strong effect on protein function. To evaluate intracellular molecular crowding, usually the diffusion coefficient of ...