Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses exert a suppressive effect on HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Under the CTL pressure, viral CTL escape mutations are frequently selected with viral fitness costs. Viruses with such CTL escape mutations often need additional viral genome mutations for recovery of viral fitness. Persistent HIV/SIV infection sometimes shows replacemen...

In this paper, we propose and study a diffusive HIV infection model with infected cells delay, virus mature abstract function incidence rate diffusion term. By introducing the reproductive numbers for viral R0 CTL immune response number R1, show that R1 act as threshold parameter existence stability of equilibria. If R0≤1, infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable, viruses...

Abstract This article clarifies the ongoing confusion in doctrine and practice about both actual optimal interaction between international counterterrorism law (CTL) humanitarian (IHL) armed conflict. It discusses advantages disadvantages of co-application CTL with IHL, before considering a variety techniques for mutually accommodating interests regimes, particularly through partial exclusion c...

In this work we define Multi Dimensional CTL (MD-CTL in short) by extending CTL which is the dominant temporal specification language in practice. The need for Multi Dimensional CTL is mainly due to the advent of semi-structured data. The common path nature of CTL and XPath which provides a suitable model for semi-structured data, has caused the emergence of work on specifying a relation among ...

A population of CD8+ CTL can be generated in vitro in the presence of anti-CD8 mAb. Due to their apparent high avidity characteristic, these anti-CD8-resistant CD8+ CTL may have important functional in vivo roles in graft rejection, and may be important in antiviral and antitumor responses. We have previously reported that this anti-CD8-resistant subset of CD8+ CTL demonstrates functional diffe...

High avidity CTL are most effective at clearing viruses and cancer cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in induction of high avidity CTL is critical for effective vaccines. However, no vaccine approach to selectively induce high avidity CTL in vivo has been discovered. In a new approach, signals from MHC class I (signal 1) and costimulatory molecules (signal 2) were adjusted ...

It is proved that CTL+ is exponentially more succinct than CTL. More precisely, it is shown that every CTL formula (and every modal -calculus formula) equivalent to the CTL+ formula E(Fp0 ^ ^ Fpn 1) is of length at least n dn=2e , which is (2n=pn). This matches almost the upper bound provided by Emerson and Halpern, which says that for every CTL+ formula of length n there exists an equivalent C...

This paper proposes a new logic RoCTL* to model robustness in concurrent systems. RoCTL* extends CTL* with the addition of Obligatory and Robustly operators, which quantify over failure-free paths and paths with one more failure respectively. We present a number of examples of problems to which RoCTL* can be applied. The core result of this paper is to show that RoCTL* is expressively equivalen...

Abstract: Development of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Based Modules Through Experimental Methods on Colloidal Subjects. This study aims to (1) determine the level validation learning modules colloidal materials developed based CTL, (2) student responses CTL-based through experimental methods materials, (3) outcomes modules. materials. uses method (R&D) with Dick Carey model at eac...

background: leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease prevalent in tropical and sub tropical coun­tries. many attempts have been made and different strategies have been approached to develop a potent vaccine against leishmania . dna immunisation is a method, which is shown to be effec­tive in leishmania vaccination. leishmania soluble antigen (sla) has also recently been used leishmania vaccination....