In the near future, companies will be increasingly forced to shift their activities along a new road in order to decrease the harmful effects of their design, production and after-life on our environment. Products must meet environmental standards to not only prevent penalties but to consider the sustainability for future generations. However, the most important factor that companies will face ...

BACKGROUND Although the central venous pressure (CVP) is often used as a guide to volume status in major surgery and intensive care, fluid therapy should be guided by the response of the stroke volume (SV) to a fluid bolus. The present study evaluates whether the central venous pressure (CVP) can serve as an adjunct to decisions of whether or not fluid should be infused. METHODS Stroke volume...

Critics of current tying doctrine argue that metering ties can increase consumer welfare and total welfare without increasing output and that they generally increase both welfare measures. Contrary to those claims, we prove that metering ties always lower both consumer welfare and total welfare unless they increase capital good output. We further show that under market conditions we argue are r...

BACKGROUND The central venous pressure (CVP) is essential for assessing the cardiac preload and circulating blood volume in clinic. The invasive CVP measurement by central venous catheter has been reported with various complications. The aim of this study was to develop a new noninvasive method for quantification of CVP by ultrasound. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-six patients who had their CVP...

Resting blood volumes and arterial and central venous pressures (CVP) were measured in 14 men before and after exercise training to determine whether training-induced hypervolemia is accompanied by a change in total vascular capacitance. In addition, resting levels of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone (Ald), and norepinephrine (NE) were measured. T...

To the Editor: Recently, an updated Practice Advisory has been published regarding perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery. I feel the need to highlight certain statements in the Advisory that are contradictory to the long-standing effort in the anesthesiology/critical care communities to place fluid management on a more rational basis. Starting decades ago, significant effort h...

BACKGROUND Measurement of central venous pressure (CVP) is a reliable method for evaluating intravascular volume status and cardiac function; however it is an invasive and expensive method that may result in some complications such as arterial puncture, pneumothorax and development of infections. This study was performedto compare CVP measurements between central and peripheral catheters in inf...

Orthostatic stress leads to a reduction in central venous pressure (CVP), which is an index of cardiac preload. Skin surface cooling has been shown to improve orthostatic tolerance, although the mechanism resulting in this outcome is unclear. One possible mechanism may be that skin surface cooling attenuates the drop in CVP during an orthostatic challenge, thereby preserving cardiac filling. To...

Plasma volume is reduced by 10-20% within 24-48 h of exposure to simulated or actual microgravity. The clinical importance of microgravity induced hypovolemia is manifested by its relationship with orthostatic intolerance and reduced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) after return to one gravity (1G). Since there is no evidence to suggest that plasma volume reduction during microgravity is associat...