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Epidemiological studies, including those in identical twins, and in individuals in utero during periods of famine have provided robust evidence of strong correlations between low birthweight and subsequent risk of disease in later life, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), CVD, and metabolic syndrome. These and studies in animal models have suggested that the early environment, especially early nut...

Recovery and reuse of materials is important for a circular economy. In recent years the recovery of critical metals from end-of-life products has received increased attention. Various streams, e.g. permanent magnets, nickel metal hydride batteries and fluorescent lamps are considered targets for the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs). The last can be a source of up to six different REEs: e...

Fatal Flaws by Jay Ingram, the Canadian author, writer and broadcaster, is the latest popular science book on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Unlike previous books—such as Deadly feasts by Richard Rhodes, The pathological protein by Philip Yam, Comment les vaches sont devenues folles by Maxime Schwartz, The family that couldn’t sleep by Daniel Max and The collectors of lost souls by ...

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Dendritic spines are small protrusions emerging from dendrites that receive excitatory input. The process of spine morphogenesis occurs both in the developing brain and during synaptic plasticity. Molecules regulating the cytoskeleton are involved in spine formation and maintenance. Here we show that reverse signaling by the transmembrane ligands for Eph receptors, ephrinBs, is required for cor...

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