Thirty laboratory dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B) of 15 dogs and subcutaneously vaccinated with a single dose of one of two commercially available monovalent inactivated rabies vaccines: RABISIN (Merial, France) (group A) and NOBIVAC Rabies (Intervet International) (group B). Rabies antibodies were measured over a period of 4 months using the fluorescent antibody virus neutr...

The quantification of flow resistance in complex natural channels continues to be a key source of uncertainty in basic research, engineering, and environmental management. This paper describes a meta-analysis of data compiled from a wide range of sources and flow conditions in mountain streams that compares the accuracy of equations developed by Jarrett (1984), Hey (1979), Bathurst (1985) and B...

abstract in this paper, markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in iran from 2005 to 2009. results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion rials**. with 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion rials. ...

Abstract Motivated by the long‐lasting debate on whether United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) forecasts are optimal, we employ an unknown loss method for ex post evaluation which assumes that USDA forecasters' function is unknown. We conduct optimality tests WASDE corn, soybeans, wheat published during 1988–2019. Our results s...

We show that rational but inattentive agents can become polarized, even in expectation. This is driven by agents’ choice of not only how much information to acquire, also what type information. present optimal acquisition, and subsequent belief formation, depends crucially on the agent-specific status quo valuation. Beliefs systematically update away from realized truth with same initial belief...

Stagnation as the new norm and fiscal policy are examined in a New Keynesian model with adaptive learning determining expectations. We impose inflation and consumption lower bounds, which can be relevant when agents are pessimistic. The inflation target is locally stable under learning. Pessimistic initial expectations may sink the economy into steady-state stagnation with deflation. The deflat...

In experimental economics there exists a lively debate about the independence of observations. Although opinions on the issue differ widely, all concerns regard the independence of subjects’ behavior within one session or experiment. This paper attempts to shed some light on the independence of observations between experiments, if they are generated by the same subjects. We analyze experiments ...

This paper studies the design of monitoring policies in dynamic settings with moral hazard. The firm benefits from having a reputation for quality, and the principal can learn the firm’s quality by conducting costly inspections. Monitoring plays two roles: An incentive role, because the outcome of inspections affects the firm’s reputation, and an informational role because the principal values ...

Permanent and widespread psychological biases affect both the subjective probability of future economic events and their retrospective interpretation. They may give rise to a systematic gap between (over-critical) judgments and (over-optimistic) expectations the “forecast” error. When things go bad, then, psychology suggests that people tend to become particularly optimistic, amplifying the for...

The conventional policy perspective is that lowering the interest rate increases output and inflation in the short run, while maintaining inflation at a higher level requires a higher interest rate in the long run. In contrast it has been argued that a Neo-Fisherian policy of setting an interest-rate peg at a fixed higher level will increase the inflation rate. We show that adaptive learning ar...