Theorem 3.2 A consequence system (L,`) enjoys Craig interpolation with respect to an L-function var, if (i) there is a Craig generalized translation schema from (L,`) to another consequence system (L′,`′) with respect to var and an L′-function var′; (ii) (L′,`′) enjoys Craig interpolation with respect to var′. Proof: Let (h1, h2, h) be a Craig generalized translation schema from (L,`) to (L′,`′...

BACKGROUND Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is the leading cause of organ failure in renal transplant recipients. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of varying immunosuppression in CAN patients on long-term graft survival. METHODS We retrospectively analysed 158 cyclosporin (CsA)-treated renal transplant recipients with biopsy-proven CAN with follow-up of >1 year. Immunosuppression re...

Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) may have a longer spin-up time to reach its asymptotic level of accuracy than the corresponding spin-up time in variational methods (3D-Var or 4D-Var). During the spin-up EnKF has to fulfill two independent requirements, namely that the ensemble mean be close to the true state, and that the ensemble perturbations represent the “errors of the day”. As a result, ther...

Cold environment is the main constraint for tea plants (Camellia sinensis) distribution and tea farming. We identified two tea cultivars, called var. sinensis cv. Shuchazao (SCZ) with a high cold-tolerance and var. assamica cv. Yinghong9 (YH9) with low cold-tolerance. To better understand the response mechanism of tea plants under cold stress for improving breeding, we compared physiological an...

443 Letters to the Editor Sir, Cryptococcosis, an opportunistic yeast infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, remains the most common systemic fungal infection in immunosuppressed patients. Cutaneous cryptococcosis is usually secondary to haema-togenous dissemination. Primary cutaneous cryptococ-cosis (PCC) is characterized by skin lesions confined to one body region, positive culture for C. ne...

The World Jurist Association’s Conference on International Arbitration and ADR – the Impact on the Rule of Law was held April 5 – 7, 2011 in Grand Baie, Mauritius. This Conference brought together 150 distinguished delegates and speakers from 20 countries, representing every region of the world. Our Host Committee was chaired by Honorable YKJ Yeung Sik Yuen, GOSK, Chief Justice of the Supreme C...

Japanese Angelica Root prepared from Angelica acutiloba var. acutiloba and A. acutiloba var. sugiyamae, known in Japan as “Toki” and “Hokkai Toki”, is an important crude drug used in Kampo medicine (traditional Japanese medicine). However, since these Angelica varieties have recently outcrossed with each other, it is unclear whether Japanese Angelica Root sold for use in Kampo medicine is a pur...

[1] In this study, the performance of inverse threedimensional variational assimilation (I3D-Var) is investigated in terms of dissipation process for an advection-diffusion problem. The performance of I3D-Var becomes poorer with larger diffusion coefficients. However, even for strong dissipation, the cost function during early iterations in the I3D-Var decreases still much faster than it does i...

This paper is about the class of problems where a large number of VaR estimates, using Monte Carlo simulation, are required for different portfolios, drawn from a fixed universe of products with a fixed data generating process. We focus on the matrix–vector product which dominates the computational cost of this problem. We develop a series of results based on deriving bounds for different matri...

This paper develops a new test to evaluate Value at Risk (VaR) forecasts. VaR is a standard risk measure widely utilized by financial institutions and regulators, yet estimating VaR is a challenging problem, and popular VaR forecast relies on unrealistic assumptions. Hence, assessing the performance of VaR is of great importance. We propose the geometric-VaR test which utilizes the duration bet...