As the deployment of distributed generation continues, an increasing number of DC/AC power inverters will be interfaced into the electric grid. Groupings of these power inverters, along with distributed storage and load, are referred to as microgrids. Microgrids offer the potential for unprecedented reliability and flexibility, but also pose new control challenges. Inverters in microgrids must ...

The control of the input voltage of DC-DC converters is frequently required in photovoltaic applications. In this special situation, unlike conventional converters, the output voltage is constant and the input voltage is controlled. This paper deals with the analysis and the control of the buck converter with constant output voltage and variable input.

This paper presents an approach for teaching and learning dc-dc converter design using MathCAD. MathCAD provides advantages that greatly improve teaching and learning process especially when long and complicated design equations are involved such as those found in dc-dc converters. A design example using Excel is presented and then compared with the same example using MathCAD. Experience learne...

Step-up dc-dc converters have to cope with extremely low input voltages when used in combination with energy harvesting sources like thermogenerators, inductive generators or solar cells. The presented dc-dc converter is characterized by a high efficiency, up to 70 % in the input voltage range between 200 mV and 500 mV, and a minimum start-up voltage of 70 mV. It can deliver an output power of ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the only antigen-presenting cells able to prime naïve T cells and cross-prime antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Their functionality is a requirement for the induction and maintenance of long-lasting cancer immunity. Albeit intensively investigated, the in vivo mechanisms underlying efficient antigen cross-processing and presentation are not fully understood. Several piece...

More than 98 % of the 1000 or so distinct mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. The preproteins are kept in a translocation-competent conformation by interactions with cytosolic chaperones, and are targeted to the preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (Tom) that includes receptors proteins and a general import pore. ...

The development of Ag-presenting functions by murine dendritic cells (DCs) of the CD8(+) DC lineage was studied using a Flt-3 ligand stimulated bone-marrow culture system. Although newly formed DCs of this lineage are capable of Ag uptake and efficient presentation to T cells on MHC class II, they initially lack the ability to cross-present exogenous Ags on MHC class I. Cross-presentation capac...

In this study, solutions for machinery layout with the aim of reducing transportation costs will be discussed. To do this, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), which is a very complicated and effective meta-heuristic algorithm is introduced. In the offered algorithm, different kinds of machinery layout are considered in single-row as country and then the best possible layout is developed ba...