An inventory management system for defective items with backordered shortages is explored, in which we assume that the quality of an ordered lot is not always 100% perfect, so a screening process to each product is conducted to split that lot into perfect and defective products. Meanwhile, the defective products include imperfect and scrap ones, which will be sold at a discount price and dispos...

In e-testing it is important to administer tests composed of good quality question items. By the term “quality” we intend the potential of an item in effectively discriminating between strong and weak students and in obtaining tutor’s desired difficulty level. Since preparing items is a difficult and timeconsuming task, good items can be re-used for future tests. Among items with lower performa...

This study examines a multi-item manufacturing problem with single machine, an outsourcer, and random defective items. To cope the increasing multi-product demands from global markets, modern firms must make efficient production plan to satisfy customer’s needs quality goods smooth in-house fabrication schedule utilization. Outsourcing is effective option avoid machine overloads schedules. Furt...