Modern Idealism, if it asserts any general conclusion about the universe at all, asserts that it is spiritual. There are two points about this assertion to which I wish to call attention. These points are that, whatever be its exact meaning, it is certainly meant to assert (1) that the universe is very different indeed from what it seems, and (2) that it has quite a large number of properties w...

Standard interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism take it as a 1 commitment to the view that the objects of cognition are structured or made by con2 ditions imposed by the mind, and therefore to what Van Cleve calls “honest-to-God 3 idealism”. Against this view, many more recent investigations of Kant’s theory of rep4 resentation and cognitive significance have been able to show that K...