PURPOSE Medical students are traditionally taught the physical exam as a comprehensive battery of maneuvers, yet they express uncertainty about which maneuvers are "core" and should be performed routinely on patients and which ones should be performed only when clinically indicated. The authors sought to determine whether educator consensus existed on the concept and the specifics of a core phy...

A low-jerk attitude guidance method is developed, based on an analytical smoothing of a bang-off-bang maneuver. set closed-form equations are derived and used to plan constrained maneuvers, with prescribed boundary conditions, inertia, time maximum control torque. The law first developed for one-dimensional then three-dimensional rotations using two different approaches: (i) by designing rotati...