We report here that melanocortin peptides appear to serve as the mechanism by which weakly electric fish couple socially regulated and stress-regulated brain pathways to unique changes in the intrinsic excitability and action potential waveform of excitable membranes in peripheral cells involved in communication. Gymnotiform electric fish modulate their electric organ discharges (EODs) by resha...

Ž . Plume clouds resulting from wildland fires pyrocumulus sometimes produce lightning discharges to ground. These discharges were found to carry positive charge to ground exclusively in several cases. Emission of space charge was observed from woody materials burned in the presence of an external electric field. Measurements done in a large wind tunnel for this study confirm and extend measure...

The volume scalability of nonequilibrium plasmas produced by electrical discharges in atmospheric pressure air has been investigated. A variety of direct current (DC) and pulsed glow discharges obtained in either slow flow of ambient or fast flow of preheated (~2000 K) air at atmospheric pressure is presented. Single DC and repetitively pulsed discharges represent the first approach. Stable dis...

The Maxwell time is a typical time scale for the screening of an electric field in a medium with a given conductivity. We introduce a generalization of the Maxwell time that is valid for gas discharges: the ionization screening time, that takes the growth of the conductivity due to impact ionization into account. We present an analytic estimate for this time scale, assuming a planar geometry, a...

This paper discusses aspects of outages in the electric transmission network in the Kosovo Power System caused by the atmospheric discharges. Frequency and location of the atmospheric discharges in Kosovo territory will be provided by a lightning location system ALARM (Automated Lightning Alert and Risk Management) and from the data from the Meteorological Department in Prishtina International ...

The electric eel Electrophorus electricus is a fresh water teleost showing an electrogenic tissue that produces electric discharges. This electrogenic tissue is distributed in three well-defined electric organs which may be found symmetrically along both sides of the eel. These electric organs develop from muscle and exhibit several biochemical properties and morphological features of the muscl...