Previous research has shown an ‘interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect’: intergroup interactions generally lead to less cooperative outcomes than interindividual interactions. We replicated the discontinuity effect in the deterministic prisoner’s dilemma, but we found that groups were more cooperative than individuals in a stochastic version of the game. Three major factors, greed, fea...

The wide application of GPS carrier-phase (CP) time transfer is limited by the problem of boundary discontinuity (BD). The discontinuity has two categories. One is “day boundary discontinuity,” which has been studied extensively and can be solved by a few methods [1–5]. The other category of discontinuity, called “anomaly boundary discontinuity (anomaly-BD),” comes from a GPS-measurements data ...

This paper shows the advantages of the material failure process simulation by improve finite elements with embedded discontinuities, using a new definition of traction vector, dependent on the discontinuity length and the angle. Particularly, two families of this kind of elements are compared: kinematically optimal symmetric and statically and kinematically optimal non-symmetric. The constituti...

[1] High-pressure assemblages of subducted oceanic crust are denser than the normal upper mantle but less dense than the uppermost lower mantle. Thus subducted oceanic crust may accumulate at the base of the upper mantle. Direct observational evidence for this hypothesis, however, remains elusive. We present an analysis of a negativepolarity shear wave converted from compressional wave at a sei...

Discontinuity-preserving Bayesian image restoration, based on Markov random fields (MRF), involves an intensity fleld, representing the image to be restored, and an edge (discontinuity) fleld. The usual strategy is to perform joint maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the intensity and discontinuity fields, this requiring the specification of Bayesian priors. Departing from this approach, w...

Seismic studies indicate that beneath some regions the 520-kilometer seismic discontinuity in Earth's mantle splits into two separate discontinuities (at approximately 500 kilometers and approximately 560 kilometers). The discontinuity near 500 kilometers is most likely caused by the (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 beta-to-gamma phase transformation. We show that the formation of CaSiO3 perovskite from garnet can...