In this paper, a discount model is proposed to coordinate pricing and ordering decisions in a two-echelon supply chain (SC). Demand is stochastic and price sensitive while lead times are fixed. Decentralized decision making where downstream decides on selling price and order size is investigated. Then, joint pricing and ordering decisions are extracted where both members act as a single entity ...

BACKGROUND Lowering the price of fruit and vegetables is a promising strategy in stimulating the purchase of those foods. However, the true effects of this strategy are not well studied and it is unclear how the money saved is spent. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a 25% discount on fruits and vegetables on food purchases in a supermarket environment. METHODS A randomized c...

We show that for any discount factor, there is a natural number M such that all subgame perfect outcomes of the discounted repeated prisoners’ dilemma (pure strategies) can be obtained by subgame perfect strategies with the following property: current play depends only on the number of the time-index and on the history of the last M periods. This strong result, however, does not suffice to esta...

We study the problem of achieving a given value in Markov decision processes (MDPs) with several independent discounted reward objectives. We consider a generalised version of discounted reward objectives, in which the amount of discounting depends on the states visited and on the objective. This definition extends the usual definition of discounted reward, and allows to capture the systems in ...

Symbiotic radio (SR) is a key technique to solve the energy shortage and spectrum limitation of future Internet Things (IoT). In SR-aided IoT networks supporting harvesting (EH), we study cooperation schemes offloading strategy between primary users (PUs), devices base station (BS) for reasonably allocating spectrum, power time resources. Considering monetary transactions PUs devices, two schem...

This paper presents a new solution concept for multiplayer stochastic games, namely, acceptable strategy profiles. For each player i and state s in a stochastic game, let wi(s) be a real number. A strategy profile is w-acceptable, where w = (wi(s)), if the discounted payoff to each player i at every initial state s is at least wi(s), provided the discount factor of the players is sufficiently c...

We model a dynamic common property resource game with unobservable actions and non-linear stock dependent costs. We propose a strategy profile that generates a worst perfect equilibrium in the punishment phase, thereby supporting cooperation under the widest set of conditions. We show under what set of parameter values for the discount rate, resource growth rate, harvest price, and the number o...

In today’s fast marketing over the Internet or online, many retailers want to trade at the same time and change their marketing strategy to attract more customers. Some of the customers may decide to cancel their orders partially with a retailer due to various reasons such as increase in customer’s waiting time, loss of customer’s goodwill on retailer’s business, attractive promotional schemes ...

Equity analysts’ target price can be decomposed into two components: the earnings forecast and the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio forecast, with the former containing shortterm earnings news and the latter containing news about long-term earnings growth and discount rates. Using a large database of target prices from 1997 to 2004, we document that both components are important in driving target ...

This paper considers a supply chain that includes one supplier and retailer, in which the retailer has more accurate demand forecast. The blockchain technology can verify authenticity of information, then choose to truly share information with by adopting such costly technology. We discuss three scenarios based on signaling game: bears all cost (no subsidy), part providing direct subsidy or who...