disproportionate punishments are punishments passed or enforced without considering the criteria of proportionality, namely the criteria of harm done, the absolute or relative seriousness of crimes, the kind of committed crime and offender characteristics, the degree and kind of victim culpability. considering the penological aims, such as retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence and securing so...

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Recent studies have suggested that "disproportionate" functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) defined by greater MR than expected from the degree left ventricular (LV) dilatation may be a good candidate for transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). Determinants disproportionate FMR (d-FMR) is unknown. We hypothesized addi...

CONTEXT Precocious amygdala enlargement is commonly observed in young children with autism. However, the age at which abnormal amygdala enlargement begins and the relative growth trajectories of the amygdala and total brain remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the rate of amygdala growth is abnormal and disproportionate to total brain growth in very young children with autism spectr...

The most common coral monitoring methods estimate coral abundance as percent cover, either via in situ observations or derived from images. In recent years, growing interest and effort has focused on colony-based (demographic) data to assess the status of coral populations and communities. In this study, we relied on two separate data sets (photo-derived percent cover estimates, 2002-12, and op...

Medicare provides incentive reimbursements to health maintenance organizations (HMOs) which enroll Medicare beneficiaries on a risk option and provide care at a lower cost than expected. The incentive reimbursements are tied to an actuarial calculation of Medicare Adjusted Average Per Capita Cost (AAPCC). The AAPCC adjusts for a number of variables which affect Medicare reimbursements and for w...