Mainstream geographical economics propagates the free trade doctrine, presenting capitalism as entailing, but capable of overcoming, uneven geographical development. Geographers have failed to engage with the international trade theories that rationalize this, or develop alternatives. Beginning with the entanglements through which trade happens, I examine how theories rationalizing the free tra...

Recently, I’ve championed the doctrine that fundamentally different sorts of things exist in fundamentally different ways. On this view, what it is for an entity to be can differ across ontological categories. Although historically this doctrine was very popular, and several important challenges to this doctrine have been dealt with, I suspect that contemporary metaphysicians will continue to t...

The doctrine of consideration, with its emphasis upon exchange, and its general rejection of 'more for the same', seems inadequate for the modern environment in which flexible rewards may reflect the employer's concern that the importance of individual staff to an enterprise may not remain constant and may alter as the commercial context in which their work is performed fluctuates. Although ver...

Gyula Klima, Review of A. Kenny: Aquinas on Mind (New York: Routledge, 1995) in Faith and Philosophy 15 (1998) 113–17. In this essay I will only deal with Kenny’s charges against Aquinas’s doctrine that directly concern Aquinas’s doctrine of being, namely, the charge of his failure to distinguish “specifi c existence” from “individual being” à la Frege, and the charges against Aquinas’s doctrin...

In this paper, we consider three arguments for the irrelevance of the doctrine of double effect in end-of-life decision making. The third argument is our own and, to that extent, we seek to defend it. The first argument is that end-of-life decisions do not in fact shorten lives and that therefore there is no need for the doctrine in justification of these decisions. We reject this argument; som...

The doctrine that Christ is really present in the Eucharist appears to entail that Christ’s body is not only multiply located but present in different ways at different locations. Moreover, the doctrine poses an even more difficult metaquestion: what makes a theological explanation of the Eucharist a ‘real presence’ account? Aquinas’s defence of transubstantiation, perhaps the paradigmatic acco...

While the updating of U.S. Army counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine is long overdue, its imminent arrival is cause for celebration. The reality, however, is that the military doctrine won’t fully address two challenges that remain critical for its ultimate success. One—altering approaches to risk–confronts an inhospitable politico-military culture and institutional history. The other key issue— t...

Basic doctrine about airpower should begin with an identification of the inherent and fundamental characteristics of air forces. Doctrine then spells out the implications of these fundamental characteristics for military strategy and operations. The fundamental characteristic of air forces is that their basic items of equipment (aircraft) operate in the medium of the air. As stated in the Air F...

DOES EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY follow Karl Popper's "logic of scientific discovery", advancing through falsification and refutation?' Or does it progress through puzzle-solving within a paradigm, as Thomas Kuhn characterized the "psychology of research"?2 The case of Lotze's critique of Miller's doctrine of specific sense energies supports the Kuhn thesis. Even though Lotze's logical criteria did...