Deep learning (DL) is a type of machine learning that mimics the thinking patterns of a human brain to learn the new abstract features automatically by deep and hierarchi‐ cal layers. DL is implemented by deep neural network (DNN) which has multihidden layers. DNN is developed from traditional artificial neural network (ANN). However, in the training process of DL, it has certain inefficiency d...

We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of electrostatic double layers in quasi-perpendicular Earth's bow shock. These have predominantly parallel electric field with amplitudes up to 100 mV/m, spatial widths 50-700 m, and plasma frame speeds within km/s. The potential drop across a single layer is 2-7% the cross-shock de Hoffmann-Teller occurs over scale ten Debye lengths or one tent...