Contemporary thinking about tardive dyskinesia is undergoing a quiet revolution. In the fourth decade following the introduction of neuroleptic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia research has moved from debates over its very existence to careful, scholarly sub-typing of clinical variants. Investigators are also beginning to elucidate the epidemiology and natural ...

It is well known that long-term use of levodopa by patients with Parkinson's disease causes dyskinesia. Several methods have been proposed for the automatic, unsupervised detection and classification of levodopa induced dyskinesia. Recently, we have demonstrated that neural networks are highly successful to detect dyskinesia and to distinguish dyskinesia from voluntary movements. The aim of thi...

BACKGROUND The pathological basis of tardive dyskinesia is unknown. Although its clinical features implicate the basal ganglia, imaging studies have not found clear evidence that it is associated with volume changes in these or other brain structures. AIMS To determine, using voxel-based structural imaging, whether there are regions of grey matter volume change in people with schizophrenia wh...

Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) while suppressing dyskinesia in a single patient with Parkinson's disease (PD). The clinical basis of this effect of MDMA is unknown but may relate to its actions on either dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems in brain. In normal, drug-naive common marmosets, MDMA admini...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia among psychiatric in-patients. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey. SETTING Mathari Hospital, Nairobi, the main psychiatric referral hospital in Kenya. SUBJECTS Two hundred and two randomly selected in-patients seen in the hospital between January and April 2000. RESULTS The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia was 11.9%. Neither the p...

There is a growing medical and public concern about neuroleptic-induced persistent tardive dyskinesia. The clinician faces a difficult dilemma because there are no effective substitutes for neuroleptics in the treatment of a majority of schizophrenic patients. In dealing with this dilemma, the physician should 1) periodically assess indications for neuroleptics in each patient, 2) use the lowes...

Tardive dyskinesia is one of the most significant side effects of antipsychotic medications. Antipsychotic treated schizophrenia patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop tardive dyskinesia than those without diabetes. Clozapine is probably best supported for management of tardive dyskinesia. But clozapine has been strongly linked to hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose toleranc...

The use of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) injections for the treatment of orofacial dyskinesia secondary to anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is rarely reported. Here, we report a case of an urgent, successful management of severe orofacial dyskinesia in an 8-year-old girl with anti-NMDAR encephalitis using BoNT-A injection. The patient presented with de novo uni...

Although dyskinesia is a frequent and important problem in Parkinson's disease (PD), a reliable assessment measure has not been thoroughly developed and tested. We modified the Obeso dyskinesia scale to create an objective rating scale for dyskinesia assessment during activities of daily living. Thirteen physicians and 15 study coordinators involved in a clinical trial independently reviewed vi...

OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with olanzapine during the follow-up period of 20 months. METHODS It was a prospective, observational, non-interventional study under naturalistic conditions, without a control group. The evaluation of the severity and presence of tardive dyskinesia was performed with the...