A poisonous plant is one that, when touched or consumed in large enough quantities, can be hazardous lethal to humans other animals. These plants utilized as herbal medicines with therapeutic effects used the right proportions and small doses. One of herbs listed all old Ayurvedic texts Calotropis procera. In Ayurveda, it referred Arka. many traditional medical systems, various portions are cur...

Acid peptic diseases are common gastrointestinal disorders, which include gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, non-ulcer dyspepsia and stressrelated gastric mucosal injury. Drugs commonly used in the management of these disorders include antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors and mucosal protective agents. In this chapter, pharmacology of these drugs will be discussed, followe...

background: dyspepsia is an upper gastrointestinal tract syndrome presenting epigastric pain and discomfort, fullness sensation, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, and belching. the prevalence of dyspepsia has been reported to be high all over the world. in this study, we reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of dyspepsia in iran and discussed the probable risk factors of dyspepsia to shed li...

Acid peptic diseases are common gastrointestinal disorders, which include gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, non-ulcer dyspepsia and stressrelated gastric mucosal injury. Drugs commonly used in the management of these disorders include antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors and mucosal protective agents. In this chapter, pharmacology of these drugs will be discussed, followe...

Acid-related disorders include not only reflux esophagitis and peptic ulcer, but also a subset of patients with endoscopy-negative dyspepsia. The management strategy differs between these diseases and therefore a precise diagnosis is important. The unaided clinical diagnosis is of limited value in patients with pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, and endoscopy is therefore an important and...

Functional dyspepsia in children is classified as a subset of functional pediatric gastrointestinal disorders. According to ROME II criteria, it is divided into 3 groups including ulcer-like dyspepsia, dysmotility-like dyspepsia and unspecified (non-specific) dyspepsia. Prevalence of functional dyspepsia had been reported around 3/5 of children and adolescents who presented with clinical dyspep...

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of functional and organic dyspepsia and possible predictors for organic dyspepsia in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The 150 patients (109 men; mean age 62.61 +/- 10.23 yr) undergoing coronary artery by-pass grafting because of stable pectoral angina due to significant CAD were enrolled in the study. Dyspepsia was determined by the exi...

background: gastrointestinal and liver diseases (gild) are among the most common causes of morbidity and substantial proportion of mortality with enormous economic consequences in iran. we aimed to collect and report the most recent statistics on deaths, symptoms, physician visits, and hospitalizations for common gastrointestinal and liver diseases in gastrointestinal referral centers of tehran...