In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in currency :union:s internationally. The formation of currency :union: in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has drawn much attention of Islamic countries. This paper aims to investigate the effect of currency :union: formation for trade among 49 Islamic countries over the period 1990-2012 by OCA and Augmented Gravity Model (AGM). T...

Mathematical models are routinely used in clinical pharmacology to study the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in the body. Identifiability of these models is an important requirement for the success of these clinical studies. Identifiability is classified into two types, structural identifiability related to the structure of the mathematical model and deterministic ident...

Numerous economic historians have suggested that institutions which supported contract enforcement were necessary for impersonal exchange to emerge in medieval Europe. Yet this literature cannot account for the bill of exchange, an important financial instrument that was legally enforced in both the medieval Islamic and Christian worlds but remained relegated to personal networks in only the fo...

To increase the cost effectiveness of the component assembly process, it is first necessary to be able to determine the cost of the existing process and provide a mathematical model that can be used to predict the outcome of changing the process or the effectiveness of purchasing new equipment. The mathematical model presented here is based on the SEMI E35 standard for calculating the cost of o...

Recent research has shown that decision makers are less likely to accept an opportunity after failing to act on a previous o€er, an e€ect labeled inaction inertia. We extended the original research by examining the phenomenon in the domain of losses as well as in the domain of gains. A pattern consistent with the inaction inertia e€ect was found for gains but not for losses. We also manipulated...

We survey properties of the set of possible exponents of subsets of Zn (equivalently, exponents of primitive circulant digraphs on n vertices). Let En denote this exponent set. We point out that En contains the positive integers up to √ n, the ‘large’ exponents ⌊ 3 ⌋+1, ⌊ 2 ⌋, n−1, and for even n ≥ 4, the additional value n 2 −1. It is easy to see that no exponent in [n 2 +1, n−2] is possible, ...