The literature on ERPT has not considered product-level comparative advantage (CA) as a source of heterogeneous firm productivity. However, a firm’s production choice may determine its productivity level and also its pricing decision as both the degree of market power and the fixed costs of exporting vary across products. This paper empirically analyses the export pricing behaviour of Chinese a...

during recent years, a debate has been taking place on the relationship between economic growth and trade policies. the present article explores the impact of trade liberalization on economic growth in islamic countries. we chose a sample of 26 islamic countries and using the gmm method, estimated the correlation between trade liberalization and economic growth for the period 1990-2003. the emp...

This paper aims to identify key challenges facing Iran and South Korea in their bilateral trade and investment relations. In particular, it is concerned with the policy implications which can be useful for policy makers and business people of both countries. For this purpose, we review and analyze the recent developments of the Iranian economy and bilateral trade and investment relations betwee...

Payment to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans was fundamentally altered in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA). MA plans now operate under a new formula for county-level payment area benchmarks, and in 2012 began receiving quality-based bonus payments. The Medicare Advantage Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration expanded the bonus payments to most MA plans through 2014; howeve...

The research suggests that Chinese companies do not subscribe to ‘western’ strategy theory. As they rapidly internationalise through massive Foreign Direct Investment, Chinese companies are developing new perspectives on achieving competitiveness. A comparison of the Resource-Based View of strategy (RBV) constructs from western literature with identified (indigent) Chinese business strategies f...

Key Data Findings. (1) From March 2012 to March 2013, rural enrollment in Medicare Advantage (MA) and other prepaid plans increased by over 200,000 enrollees, to more than 1.9 million. (2) Preferred provider organization (PPO) plan enrollment increased to nearly one million enrollees, accounting for more than 51% of the rural MA market (up from 48% in March 2012). (3) Health maintenance organiz...

Medicare private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans are paid like other Medicare Advantage (MA) plans but are exempt from many MA requirements. Recently, Congress set average payments well above the costs of traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare, inducing dramatic increases in PFFS plan enrollment. This has significant implications for Medicare's budget, provoking calls for policy change. We pre...

This paper examines the impact of coverage on demand for health insurance in the Medicare Advantage (MA) insurance market. Estimating the effects of coverage on demand poses a challenge for researchers who must consider both the hundreds of benefits that affect out-of-pocket costs (OOPC) to consumers, but also the endogeneity of coverage. These problems are addressed in a discrete choice demand...

Abstract: There exist problems of small samples and heteroscedastic noise in design time forecasts. To solve them, a kernel-based regression with Gaussian distribution weights (GDW-KR) is proposed here. GDW-KR maintains a Gaussian distribution over weight vectors for the regression. It is applied to seek the least informative distribution from those that keep the target value within the confide...