Economic Fluctuations. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

in recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. in the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. furtherm...

This paper introduces and discusses an heuristic model meant to clarify why and how economic instability may play a crucial role in a modern sophisticated monetary economy. In this model economic instability is specified in terms of structural instability rather than in the usual terms of dynamic instability. This different view of instability implies a different approach to the analysis of the...

â  lake urmia, the third hyper-saline lake in the world and because of its climatic, economic, social and ecological/environmental importance is a populated region in iran. recently, severe drought periods and low water levels are causing problems in this lake. therefore, it is urgent and desirable to evaluate urmia water level fluctuations in a scientific ways. urmia lake water level the same ...