Regulation is pervasive in modern societies. However, well targeted and designed regulation can generate significant benefits – delivering economic, social and environmental outcomes that may not have been achieved through a laissez-faire system. However, unnecessary or poorly formulated and implemented regulation can expose business to excessive compliance costs, stifle market competition and ...

Principles from the social thought of the Indian philosopher P.R. Sarkar are employed to show that there exists an optimal level of economic inequality that joins the values of economic justice and efficiency. Sarkar favored establishing a living wage as well as a maximum wage that allows for work incentives. It is argued that the primary justification for inequality is to provide incentives fo...

This paper pulls together existing theory and evidence to assess whether international financial liberalization, by improving the functioning of domestic financial markets and banks, accelerates economic growth. The analysis suggests that the answer is “yes.” First, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows tends to enhance stock market liquidity. In turn, enhanced stock market...

distribution income show how national income divide between economic sectors and social groups. it effect on social justice and many factors effect on it, such as productivity of labor force and employment rate. in this paper, factors affecting distribution income, especially productivity of labor force have been analyzed by panel data model for 32 countries during 1998-2005. the results show e...

The main item of agreement between the ‘new’ and ‘old’ economic geography is the role of increasing returns in regional economic development. This provides a focal point for the model of this paper, which aims to highlight the existence of a ‘third way’ somewhere between the analysis provided by these two competing modes of explanation. Increasing returns are represented by the Verdoorn Law lin...