Abstract In many real-world problems there is often the requirement to optimise multiple conflicting objectives in an efficient manner. such can be a mixture of continuous and discrete variables. Herein, we propose new multi-objective algorithm capable optimising both bounded variables The utilises Gaussian processes as surrogates combination with novel distance metric based upon Gower similari...

This paper considers the role of global environmental taxes both as instruments for improving the global environment and as a source of revenue for funding economic development. It reviews the general case for environmental taxes and the particular issues that arise for the adoption of such taxes in an international setting without a single jurisdiction. It also discusses the possibilities for ...

research and developmentexpenditure (r&d;) in new literature plays an important role in economic growth. investment in r&d;, increases level of knowledge and enhanced knowledge, increase production efficiency and from efficiency channel economic growth improves. many studies have been done on the r&d; not used unit of data for this variable. this is due to a lack of labor and the level of inves...

Regression plays a central role in the discipline of statistics and is primary analytic technique many research areas. Variable selection classical major problem for regression. This article emphasizes economic aspect variable selection. The formulated terms cost predictors to be purchased future use: only subset covariates used model will need purchased. leads decision-theoretic formulation pr...

Participation is one of important topics highly focused on in various social, political and cultural areas. Today the youth as an effective group in participation has taken a crucial role in political, social and cultural decisions of the society. This research aims to present a sociological analysis of the youth participation, causes, procedure, and the challenges concerned. To achieve this pu...