This paper aims at estimating the efficiency of hydroelectric power plants (renewable energy resources) and thermal power plant (non-renewable energy resources) in Iranian provinces. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches is applied to estimate the efficiency. The network is modeled as a linear system with multiple inputs and one output. Fuel cost, labor force, operation cost are used as in...

Volatility is the primary measure of risk in modern finance and volatility estimation and inference has attracted substantial attention in the recent financial econometric literature, especially in high-frequency analyses. High-frequency prices carry a significant amount of noise. Therefore, there are two volatility components embedded in the returns constructed using high frequency prices: the...

Efficient nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in onion (Allium cepa L.) can reduce input costs and improve fertilizer-use efficiency, while maintaining high yields quality. Understanding the N requirements of at different growth stages is necessary to enhance N-use efficiency (FNUE). In a two-year study (2021 2022), FNUE onions was determined five development (at transplant, vegetative growth,...