In 1910, Sir Marc Armand Ruffer (1859-1917), considered to be one of the founders of paleopathology, discovered the calcified eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in the kidneys of two mummies from Egypt’s 20 dynasty (1250-1000 BC). Since Ruffer’s discovery, debate has ensued over whether the medical papyri offer conclusive evidence that schistosomiasis, or bilharziasis, was known to the ancient Egy...