This study reports on incorporation of the Web during the 2004 European Parliament election as played out in 11 EU Member States. Based on an analysis of Web site features related to a conceptualization of political engagement, the study examines utilization of features reflecting information provision and opportunities for discussion and political action. The findings reflect the low level of ...

The article is part of the discussion on women’s political participation, their involvement in social movements and protests which are concentrated power shift democratisation system. text focuses case study Belarusian participation anti-regime pro-democracy following rigged presidential election 9 August 2020.The aim to answer questions about reasons for 2020 Belarus methods action used by the...

In this paper we will describe the Irish voting system by means of examples from the 2002 general election. We will also discuss the random element of the current counting procedure, the policy of only considering the last received sub-parcel when transferring, and the fact that STV is non-monotonic. Ireland’s electoral system is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vot...

The Prêt à Voter election system has undergone several revisions and enhancements since its inception in 2004, resulting in a family of election systems designed to provide end-to-end verifiability and a high degree of transparency while ensuring secrecy of the ballot. Assurance for these systems arises from the auditability of the election itself, rather than the need to place trust in the sys...

Leader election is the most critical part of any distributed system and also challenging one. By optimizing the performance of leader election, performance of system can be improved. There is already number of algorithms but in this paper there is a proposal of a new Leader Election algorithm for synchronous ring. In this proposal we are trying to tradeoff among time, message and space complexi...

Efforts to limit political contributions and spending are extremely popular. Yet there is no serious evidence that campaign finance regulation has achieved or will achieve its goals of reducing the influence of money, opening up the political system, and lowering the cost of campaigns. Indeed, since the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act, spending has risen sharply, the number...

In this paper, we give an algorithm for fault-tolerant proactive leader election in asynchronous shared memory systems, and later its formal verification. Roughly speaking, a leader election algorithm is proactive if it can tolerate failure of nodes even after a leader is elected, and (stable) leader election happens periodically. This is needed in systems where a leader is required after every...