In this paper, we have simulated the excitation of wake fields in the interaction of an intensive laser pulses having Half-Sine and Gaussian time envelopes with a fully ionized cold plasma using particle in cell (PIC) method. We investigated the dependency of wake filed amplitude to different laser and plasma parameters such as laser wavelength, pulse duration and electron number density. In ad...

Related U.S. Application Data (60) Provisional application No. 601116,741, filed on Jan. 22, 1999, provisional application No. 601146,946, filed on Aug. 2, 1999, provisional application No. 601146,943, filed on Aug. 2, 1999, and provisional application No. 601151,811, filed on Aue. 30, 1999. 5,573,648 A * 1111996 Shen et al. ................. 2041412 5,576,115 A * 1111996 Capuano et al. ..........

exports have direct effects on iran’s economic growth; therefore, a variety of state and private owned institutes promote iranian companies’ export activities via export promotion programs (epps). the main goal of these programs is to improve the export performance of iranian companies and to motivate export activities of those companies. to explore the effects of export promotion programs on e...

adsorption of co2 on the surface of single-wall zigzag (5,0) and armchair (4,4) carbon nanotubes (swcnts) were studied through using density functional theory (dft) calculations. optimizations of geometric were performed at the b3pw91 level of 6-311++g** method standard basis set using gaussian 03 package of program [1]. structural models were optimized and adsorption energies, band gap, charge...

PURPOSE To realistically map the electric fields of biological tissues using a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (DT-MREIT) method to estimate tissue response during electrical stimulation. METHODS Imaging experiments were performed using chunks of bovine muscle. Two silver wire electrodes were positioned inside the muscle tissue for electrical stimulation. E...

Photovoltaic solar energy is a renewable form of electricity obtained directly from solar radiation using a semiconductor device called a photovoltaic cell. This article aims to map and identify the main characters and the evolution of the technological challenges presented by the technologies involving photovoltaic solar energy by monitoring patent documents filed between 2003 and 2011. Making...

We report a beam deflection technique that exploits electric-field controlled deflection and total internal reflection at the interface between two anti-parallel domains realized in a single crystal lithium niobate wafer. The LiNbO3 z-cut sample was 500-μm-thick and was photolithographically patterned and poled by means of an applied electric field, in order to realize two adjacent regions of o...