Plasmodium vivax parasites have a unique dormant stage that can cause relapses weeks or months after the initial infection. These dormant parasites are among the main challenges of vivax malaria control as they constitute a reservoir that is difficult to eliminate. Since field studies are confounded by reinfections and possible recrudescence of drug-resistant parasites, most analyses of P. viva...

Dengue endemicity has become regular in recent times across the world. The numbers of cases and deaths have been alarmingly increasing over years. In addition to this, there are no direct medications or vaccines treat this viral infection. Thus, monitoring controlling carriers virus which Aedes mosquitoes specially demanding combat endemicity, as killing all regardless their species would destr...

Countries are classified on the basis of endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection into high (8% or more), intermediate (27%) or low (less than 2%) incidence countries. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in India ranges from 2% to 10% as shown by different studies (1, 2, 3). India therefore comes under the intermediate to high endemicity category. HBV infection is predominantly acqui...

We compared the two formats of rKE16 antigen-based rapid tests, a flowthrough test (KEFT) and a lateral flow test (KELF), with the rK39 rapid test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Sensitivities with KEFT (99%, 198/200) and rK39 (99.5%, 199/200) were comparable and higher than that with KELF (95.5%, 191/200). In the control groups comprising subjects with diseases from areas of nonen...

Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world, endemic for many neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The Ministry of Health is successfully controlling onchocerciasis through community-directed treatment with ivermectin and has implemented health system changes that would allow extension of integrated NTD control to schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmit...

Millipedes are well-known for their limited dispersal abilities with species restricted to mountains, islands, and patches of forest being important models formulating testing biogeographic hypotheses. The order Spirostreptida is composed nearly 1300 distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, Neotropical regions. divided into suborders Cambalidea Spirostreptidea families Pseudonannolenidae ...

biodiversity/biological diversity Species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity in an area, sometimes including associated abiotic components such as landscape features, drainage systems, and climate. diversity indices Measures that describe the different components of biodiversity, such as species richness (alpha diversity), beta and gamma diversity, endemicity, and higher taxon richness. ecosyste...