The present common view about GRB origin is related to cosmology, what is based on statistical analysis, and on measurements of the redshifts in the GRB optical afterglows of long GRB. No correlation is found between redshifts, GRB spectrum, and total GRB fluence. Comparison of KONUS and BATSE data about statistics and hard X-ray lines is done, and some differences are noted. Hard gamma-ray aft...

Conversion coefficients were calculated for fluence-to-absorbed dose, fluence-to-equivalent dose, fluence-to-effective dose and fluence-to-gray equivalent for isotropic exposure of an adult female and an adult male to tritons ((3)H(+)) in the energy range of 10 MeV to 1 TeV (0.01-1000 GeV). Coefficients were calculated using Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX 2.7.C and BodyBuilder™ 1.3 anthropomo...

We gauged the internal energy transfer for two dissociative ion decomposition channels in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) using the benzyltriphenylphosphonium (BTP) thermometer ion [PhCH 2PPh 3] (+). Common MALDI matrixes [alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid, SA), and 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHB)] were studied w...

Formulae are given for absorbed dose, fluence and energy fluence of narrow x-ray beams generated by pulsatingpotential x-ray generators with any waveform. A computer program has been written for calculating these and some other quantities, including mean energies, for particular waveforms. A new definition is suggested for the ripple correction factor of pulsating-potential x-ray generators for...

Rare-earth-free magnets are highly demanded by clean and renewable energy industries because of the supply constraints and environmental issues. A promising permanent magnet should possess high remanent magnetic flux density (Br), large coercivity (Hc) and hence large maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max). Fe16N2 has been emerging as one of promising candidates because of the redundancy of ...

Human enamel surface was irradiated with ArF excimer laser and examined under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enamel surface was irradiated at three different areas with different energy fluences. It is demonstrated that the ArF excimer laser causes ablation of the calcified hard enamel tissue. Ablation curves were measured. There was no significant difference found in ...

Ultrafast laser-induced demagnetization of Gd(0001) has been investigated by magneto-induced optical second harmonic generation and the magneto-optical Kerr effect which facilitate a comparison of surface and bulk dynamics. We observe pronounced differences in the transient changes of the surface and bulk sensitive magneto-optical signals which we attribute to transfer of optically excited, spi...

The aim of this work is to develop and adapt a formalism to determine absorbed dose to water from graphite calorimetry measurements in carbon-ion beams. Fluence correction factors, [Formula: see text], needed when using a graphite calorimeter to derive dose to water, were determined in a clinical high-energy carbon-ion beam. Measurements were performed in a 290 MeV/n carbon-ion beam with a fiel...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) has been used for therapies such as curing spinal cord injury, healing wound etc. Yet, the mechanism of LPLI remains unclear. In order to determine the effects of high fluence LPLI on cell growth and caspase-3 activity, we have measured the dynamics of caspase-3 activity during cell apoptosis induced by high fluence LPLI treatment. ...

BACKGROUND High-fluence diode lasers with contact cooling have emerged as the gold standard to remove unwanted hair. Lowering the energy should result in less pain and could theoretically affect the efficacy of the therapy. OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and efficacy of a low fluence high repetition rate 810-nm diode laser to those of a high fluence, low repetition rate diode laser for perma...