As noted in the previous edition of “Environment and the Appraiser,” 1 assignments involving contaminated properties, or properties that may be impacted by environmental contamination, often require specialized valuation methods and techniques. The Appraisal Standards Board provides guidance on this issue in Advisory Opinion 9 (AO-9), “The Appraisal of Real Property That May Be Impacted by Envi...

Wetland snakes, as top predators, are becoming globally recognised bioindicators of wetland contamination. Livers the traditional test organ for contaminant exposure in organisms, but research is moving towards a preference non-lethal tissue sampling. Snake scales can be used an indicator exposure, many metals bind to keratin. We laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission sp...