Inventory models play a leading role in analyzing a lot of realistic situations arising at places like, food and vegetable markets, market yards, oil exploration industries, etc. In the present article, we developed an inventory model for deteriorating items with permissible delay in payment under inflation. In the given model, demand rate is considered as stock-dependent and deterioration rate...

the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

We analyze the impact of trade liberalization and removal of the federal tax credit in the United States on ethanol markets using a multimarket international ethanol model. We find that U.S. trade barriers have been effective in protecting the ethanol industry. Under current policy, there is separability of the U.S. ethanol market from world markets. With trade liberalization, the ethanol marke...

The paper considers the sustainable trade credit and inventory policies with demand related to credit period and the environmental sensitivity of consumers under the carbon cap-and-trade and carbon tax regulations. First, the decision models are constructed under three cases: without regulation, carbon cap-and-trade regulation, and carbon tax regulation. The optimal solutions of the retailer in...

Demand considered in most of the classical inventory models is constant, while in most of the practical cases the demand changes with time. In this article, an inventory model is developed with time dependent two parameter weibull demand rate whose deterioration rate increases with time. Each cycle has shortages, which have been partially backlogged to suit present day competition in the market...

In this paper we develop an economic order quantity model to investigate the optimal replenishment policies for instantaneous deteriorating items under inflation and trade credit. Demand rate is a linear function of selling price and decreases negative exponentially with time over a finite planning horizon. Shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. Under these conditions, we model the ret...

In this paper, a model is developed to determine retailer's inventory policy under two-level trade credit system. It is assumed that the retailer has a powerful position so that he can obtain the full trade credit offered by supplier whereas customer can obtain just the partial trade credit from the retailer. The proposed model also allows fully backlogged shortages. This robust Mathematical mo...

This study introduces an inventory system with a non-instantaneous deteriorating product credit facility and variable demand depending on the selling price. Two different prices are considered in deterioration non-deterioration periods. Shortages partially backlogged dependent length of customers’ waiting time upto arrival fresh lot. Alternative trade-credit policy is applied herein, several ca...

The purpose of the paper is to formulate two uncooperative replenishment models with demand and default risk which are the functions of the trade credit period, i.e., a Nash equilibrium model and a supplier-Stackelberg model. Firstly, we present the optimal results of decentralized decision and centralized decision without trade credit. Secondly, we derive the existence and uniqueness condition...