Logic as a philosophical discipline originated in ancient Greece, at about the same time as mathematics was constituted as a deductive science. From ancient times two logical systems have survived – the Aristotelian syllogistic logic and the Stoic propositional logic. It took almost two thousand years, until in the works of Boole, Frege and Peano logic was turned into a formal discipline. The r...

There is something peculiar about aesthetic testimony. It seems more di cult to gain knowledge of aesthetic properties based solely upon aesthetic testimony than it is in the case of other types of property. In this paper, I argue that we can provide an adequate explanation at the level of the semantics of aesthetic language without defending any substantive thesis in epistemology or about aest...

Gentzen’s and Jaśkowski’s formulations of natural deduction are logically equivalent in the normal sense of those words. However, Gentzen’s formulation more straightforwardly lends itself both to a normalization theorem and to a theory of “meaning” for connectives (which leads to a view of semantics called ‘inferentialism’). The present paper investigates cases where Jaskowski’s formulation see...

There is a virtual consensus in contemporary epistemology that knowledge must be reliably pro­ duced. Everyone, it seems, is a reliabilist about knowledge in that sense. I present and defend two arguments that unreliable knowledge is possible. My first argument proceeds from an observation about the nature of achievements, namely, that achievements can proceed from unreliable abilities. My seco...

In the past, few mainstream epistemologists have endorsed Bayesian epistemology, feeling that it fails to capture the complex structure of epistemic cognition. The defenders of Bayesian epistemology have tended to be probability theorists rather than epistemologists, and I have always suspected they were more attracted by its mathematical elegance than its epistemological realism. But recently ...

The purpose of the current study was to compare the use of virtual discussion boards in various educational settings in the United States and Costa Rica. Participants included professors of education, in-service and pre-service teachers in the United States and Costa Rica where a survey was used that included demographic, knowledge, attitude, and behavioral questions regarding the use of virtua...

This article is written in response to a recent report on a review of teacher education in Scotland undertaken by Graham Donaldson (2011). In particular it questions the recommendation that engaging teachers in professional enquiry and research-informed teaching is the way forward for developing the professional capabilities required of “21 Century teachers”. The report reflects an increasing e...

Gunver S. Kienle, MD, Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology, Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Germany. Harald J. Hamre, MD, Clinical Research Department, Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology, Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Germany. Emanuela Portalupi, MD, Medico Oncologo, ARESMA, Milano, Italy. Helmut Kiene, MD, Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodolo...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prior research results indicate a relationship between medical epistemology (ie, how a physician organizes and prioritizes the biological and psychosocial data of a patient presentation) and stress reactions to uncertainty among primary care physicians. However, little is known about when this relationship forms. The purpose of this study was to begin answering this qu...

This paper begins with an introduction to four different prominent versions of process reliabilism about knowledge, namely, the simple K-reliabilism, John Greco’s robust virtue epistemology, Duncan Pritchard’s anti-luck virtue epistemology, and the Goldmanian Kreliabilism. Its main objective is to offer a counterexample, namely, the fewer barn façades case, to the anti-luck virtue epistemology,...