In this paper the concept of Q-fuzzification of ideals of Γ-semigroups has been introduced and some important properties have been investigated. A characterization of regular Γ-semigroup in terms of Q-fuzzy ideals has been obtained. Operator semigroups of a Γ-semigroup has been made to work by obtaining various relationships between Q-fuzzy ideals of a Γ-semigroup and that of its operator semig...

We have prepared a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) capable of distinguishing between wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and the TC-83 vaccine derivative. This MAb, 1A2B-10, was derived from immunization with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 19 amino acids of the E2 glycoprotein of Trinidad donkey VEE virus. The MAb reacts with prototype viruses from all nat...

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) epizoodemics were reported at 6-10-year intervals in northern South America beginning in the 1920s. In 1937, epizootic VEE virus was isolated from infected horse brain and shown as distinct from the North American equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Subsequently, epizootic and sylvatic strains were isolated in distinct ecosystems; isolates were characteri...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a reemerging, mosquito-borne viral disease of the neotropics that is severely debilitating and sometimes fatal to humans. Periodic epidemics mediated by equine amplification have been recognized since the 1920s, but interepidemic disease is rarely recognized. We report here clinical findings and genetic characterization of 42 cases of endemic VEE detected...

The mean time to death of mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus was increased 2 days by antithymocyte serum (ATS) treatment given 1 day before and 1 day after virus inoculation. Virus assays of blood, brain, and spleen indicated that VEE virus replication was delayed by ATS. Additionally, mice treated with ATS exhibited neurological signs later than untreated mice. ...

Abstract We explore why many recently proposed robust estimation problems are efficiently solvable, even though the underlying optimization non-convex. study loss landscape of these problems, and identify existence ’generalized quasi-gradients’. Whenever quasi-gradients exist, a large family no-regret algorithms guaranteed to approximate global minimum; this includes commonly used filtering alg...

Two groups of four dairy cows (Bos taurus) were infected subcutaneously with the epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE) strains MF-8 and San Pelayo, respectively. Animals experienced no clinical illness, but all developed significant neutropenia. Virus was recovered once each from the blood of three animals but did not exceed 10(2.2) SMICLD(50) (Suckling mouse intracerebral l...

Column chromatography of selected Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses on calcium phosphate gel offered a simple and reproducible method for examination of biochemical characteristics and relatedness of strains within the VEE complex. Members of antigenic subgroup I demonstrated a series of elution profiles within a narrow range of 0.22 to 0.25 M phosphate buffer. Members of antige...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was isolated in 1993, 1994, and 1995 from human cases of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Two virus isolates were recovered in 1994 from Peruvian soldiers at a jungle outpost near Pantoja in northern Peru, and 10 isolates were obtained from military personnel and civilians in 1993-1995 in Iquitos, an urban center i...

The VEE complex of viruses includes six antigenic subtypes (I–VI). Within subtype I there are five antigenic variants (variants AB–F). Originally, subtypes I-A and I-B were considered to be distinct variants, but they are now considered to be identical (I-AB). Antigenic variants I-AB and I-C are associated with epizootic activity in equids and human epidemics. Historically, severe outbreaks hav...