In this essay three points are addressed: First, despite repeated findings of limited cross-cultural variation for core areas of study, research in cross-cultural psychology continues to be directed mainly at finding differences in psychological functioning. This often happens at the cost of attention for similarities between groups, or invariance. As a consequence, crosscultural psychology as ...

As in most of the developing countries, corruption is becoming one of the serious challenges in the process China is striding forward to modernization. However, corruption in China is different in nature and extent from that in other nations due to the political structure and reform policy China has implemented. This paper devotes to differentiating typologies of corruption, analyzing the cause...

In the present study I describe the 150-year history of school-based English language assessment in Japan. This history is divided into four major periods according to the purposes of English language education set by the government in the different periods: (1) 1860 to 1945, when English was first introduced and taught in schools mainly for elite classes; (2) 1945 to 1960's, when English becam...