Distributed fiber optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fiber is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongated structures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells, and coiled tubing. Sensing systems based on Brillouin and Raman scattering are us...

In this work we investigated the behavior of methane hydrates dispersed in crude oils from different fields at temperatures below 0°C. In case of crude oil emulsion the size of water droplets is in the range of 50÷100μm. The size of hydrate particles formed from droplets is the same. The self-preservation is not expected in this field. However, the self-preservation of hydrates with the size of...

It is customary to assess the reliability of underground oil and gas pipelines in the presence of excessive loading and corrosion effects to ensure a leak-free transport of hazardous materials. The main idea behind this reliability analysis is to model the given pipeline system as a Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) of segments such that the reliability of an individual pipeline segment can be re...

Pipeline transportation of multiphase products, such as gas and oil mixtures, exhibits complex varying flow regimes: a result, analytical approaches or conventional methods cannot accurately describe the composition propagation characteristics fluid mix inside system itself. We address an issue by presenting methodology, driven data applied to real case history, where basic pressure transients ...

background: welding can produce dangerous fumes containing various metals especially carcinogenic ones. occupational exposure to welding fumes is associated with lung cancer. therefore, welders in gas transmission pipelines are known as a high-risk group. this study was designed to determinate the amounts of metals cr, ni, and cd in breathing zone and urine of welders and to assess the possibil...

the geopolitically important basin of the mazandaran sea found its new identity after the collapse of the soviet :union: as an active region with specific functions. the power vacuum arising from the collapse of the soviet :union: and presence of huge energy resources attracted the attention of trans-regional powers and flow of big investment companies to the region. regional developments are a...

nowadays environmental risk assessment is under consideration alike a useful tool in studies for environmental risk management of projects with high level of potential of destruction and hazards. projects of gas transportation pipelines, unlike technical and economical justification in the field of energy supplying for societies, by having danger on environment, need to the continuous studies o...

Abstract:Gas export is one of the considerable choices in gas consumption to obtain foreign ex-change direct income by the government. Gas can be transformed and exported by various forms such as LNG and GTL. All forms of gar transformation and its export row gas with a convertible coefficient. Therefore, gas export means the total gas export through pipelines, LNG on the other forms of g...