In estrogen replacement therapy in Turner syndrome, there is no report which recommends the timing of the start of estrogen therapy in relation to height or adult height prediction. We have established a prediction model for pubertal growth (height difference from the start of estrogen therapy until adult height) at the start of estrogen replacement therapy. Twenty-seven Turner girls without sp...

Estrogen regulates hippocampal dendritic spine density and synapse number in an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner, and these effects may be of particular importance in the context of age-related changes in endocrine status. We investigated estrogen's effects on axospinous synapse density and the synaptic distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit, NR1, within the context of a...

GH therapy has been applied to patients with Turner syndrome for over a decade, but small sample size, delayed initiation of therapy into adolescent age and comparison with historical control subjects limit the usefulness of these studies for appraisal of the effect of GH on final adult height. We report 49 young women with Turner syndrome who completed a clinical trial in an open, non-randomiz...

To determine the roles of estrogen and constrictor prostanoids in vasopressin (VP)-induced contraction of female rat aorta, vascular reactivity to VP was determined in thoracic aortas of intact, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced female rats in the presence of indomethacin (Indo), NS-398, SQ-29,548, or vehicle control. The effects of estrogen on vascular reactivity to the th...

We studied the effect of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on expression of adrenal angiotensin II AT1 and AT2 receptors, aldosterone content, catecholamine synthesis, and the transcription factor Fos-related antigen 2 (Fra-2). Ovariectomy increased AT1 receptor expression in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and medulla, and decreased adrenomedullary catecholamine content and Fra-2 expression wh...

BACKGROUND Excess visceral adipose tissue accumulation after menopause is closely associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on visceral fat and serum adiponectin levels in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHOD Forty 11-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into ...

There is a strong link between menopause and increased cardiovascular disease incidence in women, and observational studies suggest that postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy reduces cardiovascular disease risk by about half. Observational studies suffer from important limitations, however, and the only published prospective controlled trial of the effects of hormone replacement therapy on...

Severe GH deficiency (GHD) in adults has been described as a clinical entity. However, some of the features associated with GHD could be due to unphysiological and inadequate replacement of other pituitary hormone deficiencies. This may be true for glucocorticoid replacement that lacks a biomarker making dose titration and monitoring difficult. Moreover, oral estrogen replacement therapy decrea...

CONTEXT Protein S deficiency and mesenteric venous thrombosis have been described in association with ischemic and/or necrotic bowel. Thrombophilic familial protein S deficiency is known to be amplified by estrogen replacement therapy. Pancreatic ischemia studies have revealed elevated amylase and lipase levels but not hyperglucagonemia. We postulate that estrogen replacement therapy leading to...